source: opengl-game/vulkan-game.cpp@ 3e8cc8b

#include "vulkan-game.hpp"

#include <array>
#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <set>

#include "consts.hpp"
#include "logger.hpp"

#include "utils.hpp"

using namespace std;

VulkanGame::VulkanGame(int maxFramesInFlight) : MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT(maxFramesInFlight) {
   gui = nullptr;
   window = nullptr;
   font = nullptr;
   fontSDLTexture = nullptr;
   imageSDLTexture = nullptr;

   currentFrame = 0;
   framebufferResized = false;

   object_VP_mats = {};
   ship_VP_mats = {};
   asteroid_VP_mats = {};
}

VulkanGame::~VulkanGame() {
}

void VulkanGame::run(int width, int height, unsigned char guiFlags) {
   cout << "DEBUGGING IS " << (ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS ? "ON" : "OFF") << endl;

   cout << "Vulkan Game" << endl;

   // This gets the runtime version, use SDL_VERSION() for the comppile-time version
   // TODO: Create a game-gui function to get the gui version and retrieve it that way
   SDL_GetVersion(&sdlVersion);

   // TODO: Refactor the logger api to be more flexible,
   // esp. since gl_log() and gl_log_err() have issues printing anything besides stirngs
   restart_gl_log();
   gl_log("starting SDL\n%s.%s.%s",
      to_string(sdlVersion.major).c_str(),
      to_string(sdlVersion.minor).c_str(),
      to_string(sdlVersion.patch).c_str());

   open_log();
   get_log() << "starting SDL" << endl;
   get_log() <<
      (int)sdlVersion.major << "." <<
      (int)sdlVersion.minor << "." <<
      (int)sdlVersion.patch << endl;

   if (initWindow(width, height, guiFlags) == RTWO_ERROR) {
      return;
   }

   initVulkan();
   mainLoop();
   cleanup();

   close_log();
}

// TODO: Make some more init functions, or call this initUI if the
// amount of things initialized here keeps growing
bool VulkanGame::initWindow(int width, int height, unsigned char guiFlags) {
   // TODO: Put all fonts, textures, and images in the assets folder
   gui = new GameGui_SDL();

   if (gui->init() == RTWO_ERROR) {
      // TODO: Also print these sorts of errors to the log
      cout << "UI library could not be initialized!" << endl;
      cout << gui->getError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   window = (SDL_Window*) gui->createWindow("Vulkan Game", width, height, guiFlags & GUI_FLAGS_WINDOW_FULLSCREEN);
   if (window == nullptr) {
      cout << "Window could not be created!" << endl;
      cout << gui->getError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   cout << "Target window size: (" << width << ", " << height << ")" << endl;
   cout << "Actual window size: (" << gui->getWindowWidth() << ", " << gui->getWindowHeight() << ")" << endl;

   renderer = SDL_CreateRenderer(window, -1, SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC);
   if (renderer == nullptr) {
      cout << "Renderer could not be created!" << endl;
      cout << gui->getError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   SDL_VERSION(&sdlVersion);

   cout << "SDL " << sdlVersion.major << "." << sdlVersion.minor << "." << sdlVersion.patch << endl;

   font = TTF_OpenFont("assets/fonts/lazy.ttf", 28);
   if (font == nullptr) {
      cout << "Failed to load lazy font! SDL_ttf Error: " << TTF_GetError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   SDL_Surface* fontSDLSurface = TTF_RenderText_Solid(font, "Great success!", { 255, 255, 255 });
   if (fontSDLSurface == nullptr) {
      cout << "Unable to render text surface! SDL_ttf Error: " << TTF_GetError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   fontSDLTexture = SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(renderer, fontSDLSurface);
   if (fontSDLTexture == nullptr) {
      cout << "Unable to create texture from rendered text! SDL Error: " << SDL_GetError() << endl;
      SDL_FreeSurface(fontSDLSurface);
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   SDL_FreeSurface(fontSDLSurface);

   // TODO: Load a PNG instead
   SDL_Surface* imageSDLSurface = SDL_LoadBMP("assets/images/spaceship.bmp");
   if (imageSDLSurface == nullptr) {
      cout << "Unable to load image " << "spaceship.bmp" << "! SDL Error: " << SDL_GetError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   imageSDLTexture = SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(renderer, imageSDLSurface);
   if (imageSDLTexture == nullptr) {
      cout << "Unable to create texture from BMP surface! SDL Error: " << SDL_GetError() << endl;
      SDL_FreeSurface(imageSDLSurface);
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   SDL_FreeSurface(imageSDLSurface);

   // In SDL 2.0.10 (currently, the latest), SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_TARGET is required to get a transparent overlay working
   // However, the latest SDL version available through homebrew on Mac is 2.0.9, which requires SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STREAMING
   // I tried building sdl 2.0.10 (and sdl_image and sdl_ttf) from source on Mac, but had some issues, so this is easier
   // until the homebrew recipe is updated
   if (sdlVersion.major == 2 && sdlVersion.minor == 0 && sdlVersion.patch == 9) {
      uiOverlay = SDL_CreateTexture(renderer, SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGBA8888, SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STREAMING,
         gui->getWindowWidth(), gui->getWindowHeight());
   } else {
      uiOverlay = SDL_CreateTexture(renderer, SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGBA8888, SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_TARGET,
         gui->getWindowWidth(), gui->getWindowHeight());
   }

   if (uiOverlay == nullptr) {
      cout << "Unable to create blank texture! SDL Error: " << SDL_GetError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }
   if (SDL_SetTextureBlendMode(uiOverlay, SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND) != 0) {
      cout << "Unable to set texture blend mode! SDL Error: " << SDL_GetError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   SDL_SetRenderTarget(renderer, uiOverlay);

   return RTWO_SUCCESS;
}

void VulkanGame::initVulkan() {
   const vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
      "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
   };
   const vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = {
      VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
   };

   createVulkanInstance(validationLayers);
   setupDebugMessenger();
   createVulkanSurface();
   pickPhysicalDevice(deviceExtensions);
   createLogicalDevice(validationLayers, deviceExtensions);
   createSwapChain();
   createImageViews();
   createRenderPass();
   createCommandPool();

   createImageResources();
   createFramebuffers();

   initMatrices();

   // TODO: Figure out how much of ubo creation and associated variables should be in the pipeline class
   // Maybe combine the ubo-related objects into a new class

   initGraphicsPipelines();

   modelPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&ModelVertex::pos));
   modelPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&ModelVertex::color));
   modelPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&ModelVertex::texCoord));

   createBufferSet(sizeof(UBO_VP_mats), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
      uniformBuffers_scenePipeline, uniformBuffersMemory_scenePipeline, uniformBufferInfoList_scenePipeline);
   // TODO: Calculate the size of this buffer (and all the other SSBOs) based on the number of objects
   createBufferSet(10 * sizeof(SBO_SceneObject), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT,
      storageBuffers_scenePipeline, storageBuffersMemory_scenePipeline, storageBufferInfoList_scenePipeline);

   modelPipeline.addDescriptorInfo(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
      VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, &uniformBufferInfoList_scenePipeline);
   modelPipeline.addDescriptorInfo(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER,
      VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, &storageBufferInfoList_scenePipeline);

   modelPipeline.addDescriptorInfo(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
      VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, &floorTextureImageDescriptor);

   addObject(modelObjects, modelPipeline,
      {
         {{-0.5f, -0.5f, -2.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ 0.5f, -0.5f, -2.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ 0.5f,  0.5f, -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
         {{-0.5f,  0.5f, -2.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}}
      }, {
         0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0
      });

   addObject(modelObjects, modelPipeline,
      {
         {{-0.5f, -0.5f, -1.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ 0.5f, -0.5f, -1.5f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ 0.5f,  0.5f, -1.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
         {{-0.5f,  0.5f, -1.5f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}}
      }, {
         0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0
      });

   modelPipeline.createDescriptorSetLayout();
   modelPipeline.createPipeline("shaders/scene-vert.spv", "shaders/scene-frag.spv");
   modelPipeline.createDescriptorPool(swapChainImages);
   modelPipeline.createDescriptorSets(swapChainImages);

   overlayPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&OverlayVertex::pos));
   overlayPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&OverlayVertex::texCoord));

   overlayPipeline.addDescriptorInfo(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
      VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, &sdlOverlayImageDescriptor);

   addObject(overlayObjects, overlayPipeline,
      {
         {{-1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ 1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ 1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
         {{-1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}}
      }, {
         0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0
      });

   overlayPipeline.createDescriptorSetLayout();
   overlayPipeline.createPipeline("shaders/overlay-vert.spv", "shaders/overlay-frag.spv");
   overlayPipeline.createDescriptorPool(swapChainImages);
   overlayPipeline.createDescriptorSets(swapChainImages);

   shipPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&ShipVertex::pos));
   shipPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&ShipVertex::color));
   shipPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&ShipVertex::normal));
   shipPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32_UINT, offset_of(&ShipVertex::objIndex));

   createBufferSet(sizeof(UBO_VP_mats), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
      uniformBuffers_shipPipeline, uniformBuffersMemory_shipPipeline, uniformBufferInfoList_shipPipeline);
   createBufferSet(10 * sizeof(SBO_SceneObject), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT,
      storageBuffers_shipPipeline, storageBuffersMemory_shipPipeline, storageBufferInfoList_shipPipeline);

   shipPipeline.addDescriptorInfo(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
      VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, &uniformBufferInfoList_shipPipeline);
   shipPipeline.addDescriptorInfo(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER,
      VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, &storageBufferInfoList_shipPipeline);

   // TODO: With the normals, indexing basically becomes pointless since no vertices will have exactly
   // the same data. Add an option to make some pipelines not use indexing
   addObject(shipObjects, shipPipeline,
      centerObject<ShipVertex>(
      addObjectIndex<ShipVertex>(shipObjects.size(),
      addVertexNormals<ShipVertex>({

         //back
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // left back
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // right back
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // left mid
         {{-0.25f,   0.3f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{-0.25f,   0.0f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{-0.25f,   0.3f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // right mid
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ 0.25f,   0.0f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ 0.25f,   0.0f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ 0.25f,   0.3f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // left front
         {{  0.0f,   0.0f,  -3.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{-0.25f,   0.0f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{-0.25f,   0.3f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},

         // right front
         {{ 0.25f,   0.3f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ 0.25f,   0.0f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{  0.0f,   0.0f,  -3.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},

         // top back
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},

         // bottom back
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},

         // top mid
         {{-0.25f,   0.3f, -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f, -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f, -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ -0.25f,  0.3f, -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f, -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ 0.25f,   0.3f, -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},

         // bottom mid
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{-0.25f,   0.0f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,  -2.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{-0.25f,   0.0f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},
         {{ 0.25f,   0.0f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}},

         // top front
         {{-0.25f,   0.3f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ 0.25f,   0.3f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.0f,   0.0f,  -3.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // bottom front
         {{ 0.25f,   0.0f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{-0.25f,   0.0f,  -3.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.0f,   0.0f,  -3.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // left wing start back
         {{ -1.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // left wing start top
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.3f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // left wing start front
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.3f,   0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.3f,   0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.3f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // left wing start bottom
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.3f,   0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.3f,   0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -0.5f,   0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // left wing end outside
         {{ -1.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -2.2f,   0.15f, -0.8f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // left wing end top
         {{ -1.3f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -2.2f,   0.15f, -0.8f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // left wing end front
         {{ -1.3f,   0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -2.2f,  0.15f,  -0.8f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.3f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // left wing end bottom
         {{ -1.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -2.2f,  0.15f,  -0.8f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ -1.3f,   0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // right wing start back
         {{  1.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // right wing start top
         {{  1.3f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // right wing start front
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.3f,   0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.3f,   0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.3f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // right wing start bottom
         {{  1.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  0.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ 1.3f,    0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ 1.3f,    0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ 0.5f,    0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{ 0.5f,    0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // right wing end outside
         {{  2.2f,   0.15f, -0.8f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // right wing end top
         {{  2.2f,  0.15f,  -0.8f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.3f,   0.3f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.5f,   0.3f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // right wing end front
         {{  2.2f,   0.15f,  -0.8f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.3f,   0.0f,   -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.3f,   0.3f,   -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},

         // right wing end bottom
         {{  2.2f,  0.15f,  -0.8f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.5f,   0.0f,   0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
         {{  1.3f,   0.0f,  -0.3f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.3f}},
      }))), {
           0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,
           6,   7,   8,   9,  10,  11,
          12,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17,
          18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,
          24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  29,
          30,  31,  32,
          33,  34,  35,
          36,  37,  38,  39,  40,  41,
          42,  43,  44,  45,  46,  47,
          48,  49,  50,  51,  52,  53,
          54,  55,  56,  57,  58,  59,
          60,  61,  62,
          63,  64,  65,
          66,  67,  68,  69,  70,  71,
          72,  73,  74,  75,  76,  77,
          78,  79,  80,  81,  82,  83,
          84,  85,  86,  87,  88,  89,
          90,  91,  92,
          93,  94,  95,
          96,  97,  98,
          99, 100, 101,
         102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107,
         108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113,
         114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119,
         120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125,
         126, 127, 128,
         129, 130, 131,
         132, 133, 134,
         135, 136, 137,
      });

   shipPipeline.createDescriptorSetLayout();
   shipPipeline.createPipeline("shaders/ship-vert.spv", "shaders/ship-frag.spv");
   shipPipeline.createDescriptorPool(swapChainImages);
   shipPipeline.createDescriptorSets(swapChainImages);

   asteroidPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&AsteroidVertex::pos));
   asteroidPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&AsteroidVertex::color));
   asteroidPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&AsteroidVertex::normal));
   asteroidPipeline.addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32_UINT, offset_of(&AsteroidVertex::objIndex));

   createBufferSet(sizeof(UBO_VP_mats), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
      uniformBuffers_asteroidPipeline, uniformBuffersMemory_asteroidPipeline, uniformBufferInfoList_asteroidPipeline);
   createBufferSet(10 * sizeof(SBO_Asteroid), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT,
      storageBuffers_asteroidPipeline, storageBuffersMemory_asteroidPipeline, storageBufferInfoList_asteroidPipeline);

   asteroidPipeline.addDescriptorInfo(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
      VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, &uniformBufferInfoList_asteroidPipeline);
   asteroidPipeline.addDescriptorInfo(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_STORAGE_BUFFER,
      VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, &storageBufferInfoList_asteroidPipeline);

   addObject(asteroidObjects, asteroidPipeline,
      centerObject<AsteroidVertex>(
      addObjectIndex<AsteroidVertex>(asteroidObjects.size(),
      addVertexNormals<AsteroidVertex>({

         // front
         {{ 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},

         // top
         {{ 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},

         // bottom
         {{ 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},

         // back
         {{ 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},

         // right
         {{ 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{ 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},

         // left
         {{-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
         {{-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f}, {0.4f, 0.4f, 0.4f}},
      }))), {
          0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,
          6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11,
         12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
         18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,
         24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
         30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35,
      });

   asteroidPipeline.createDescriptorSetLayout();
   asteroidPipeline.createPipeline("shaders/asteroid-vert.spv", "shaders/asteroid-frag.spv");
   asteroidPipeline.createDescriptorPool(swapChainImages);
   asteroidPipeline.createDescriptorSets(swapChainImages);

   cout << "Created all the graphics pipelines" << endl;

   createCommandBuffers();

   createSyncObjects();

   shipObjects[0].model_base =
      translate(mat4(1.0f), vec3(0.0f, -1.2f, 1.65f)) *
      scale(mat4(1.0f), vec3(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f));

   //vec3 pos = vec3(getRandomNum(-1.3f, 1.3f), -1.2f, getRandomNum(-5.5f, -4.5f));
   vec3 pos = vec3(getRandomNum(-1.3f, 1.3f), -1.2f, -2.0f);

   asteroidObjects[0].model_base =
      translate(mat4(1.0f), pos) *
      rotate(mat4(1.0f), radians(60.0f), vec3(1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f)) *
      scale(mat4(1.0f), vec3(0.1f, 0.1f, 0.1f));
   asteroidObjects[0].model_transform = mat4(1.0); // Might not be needed
}

void VulkanGame::initGraphicsPipelines() {
   modelPipeline = GraphicsPipeline_Vulkan<ModelVertex>(physicalDevice, device, renderPass,
      { 0, 0, (int)swapChainExtent.width, (int)swapChainExtent.height }, 16, 24);

   overlayPipeline = GraphicsPipeline_Vulkan<OverlayVertex>(physicalDevice, device, renderPass,
      { 0, 0, (int)swapChainExtent.width, (int)swapChainExtent.height }, 4, 6);

   shipPipeline = GraphicsPipeline_Vulkan<ShipVertex>(physicalDevice, device, renderPass,
      { 0, 0, (int)swapChainExtent.width, (int)swapChainExtent.height }, 138, 138);

   asteroidPipeline = GraphicsPipeline_Vulkan<AsteroidVertex>(physicalDevice, device, renderPass,
      { 0, 0, (int)swapChainExtent.width, (int)swapChainExtent.height }, 24, 36);
}

// TODO: Maybe changes the name to initScene() or something similar
void VulkanGame::initMatrices() {
   cam_pos = vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 2.0f);

   float cam_yaw = 0.0f;
   float cam_pitch = -50.0f;

   mat4 yaw_mat = rotate(mat4(1.0f), radians(-cam_yaw), vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
   mat4 pitch_mat = rotate(mat4(1.0f), radians(-cam_pitch), vec3(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));

   mat4 R_view = pitch_mat * yaw_mat;
   mat4 T_view = translate(mat4(1.0f), vec3(-cam_pos.x, -cam_pos.y, -cam_pos.z));
   mat4 view = R_view * T_view;

   mat4 proj = perspective(radians(FOV_ANGLE), (float)swapChainExtent.width / (float)swapChainExtent.height, NEAR_CLIP, FAR_CLIP);
   proj[1][1] *= -1; // flip the y-axis so that +y is up

   object_VP_mats.view = view;
   object_VP_mats.proj = proj;

   ship_VP_mats.view = view;
   ship_VP_mats.proj = proj;

   asteroid_VP_mats.view = view;
   asteroid_VP_mats.proj = proj;
}

void VulkanGame::mainLoop() {
   UIEvent e;
   bool quit = false;

   while (!quit) {
      gui->processEvents();

      while (gui->pollEvent(&e)) {
         switch(e.type) {
            case UI_EVENT_QUIT:
               cout << "Quit event detected" << endl;
               quit = true;
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_WINDOW:
               cout << "Window event detected" << endl;
               // Currently unused
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_WINDOWRESIZE:
               cout << "Window resize event detected" << endl;
               framebufferResized = true;
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_KEYDOWN:
               if (e.key.keycode == SDL_SCANCODE_ESCAPE) {
                  quit = true;
               } else if (e.key.keycode == SDL_SCANCODE_SPACE) {
                  cout << "Adding a plane" << endl;
                  float zOffset = -2.0f + (0.5f * modelObjects.size());

                  vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
                  vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, static_cast<uint32_t>(commandBuffers.size()), commandBuffers.data());

                  addObject(modelObjects, modelPipeline,
                     {
                        {{-0.5f, -0.5f,  zOffset}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},
                        {{ 0.5f, -0.5f,  zOffset}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
                        {{ 0.5f,  0.5f,  zOffset}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
                        {{-0.5f,  0.5f,  zOffset}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}}
                     }, {
                        0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0
                     });

                  createCommandBuffers();
               } else {
                  cout << "Key event detected" << endl;
               }
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_KEYUP:
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
               cout << "Mouse button down event detected" << endl;
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_MOUSEBUTTONUP:
               cout << "Mouse button up event detected" << endl;
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_MOUSEMOTION:
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_UNKNOWN:
               cout << "Unknown event type: 0x" << hex << e.unknown.eventType << dec << endl;
               break;
            default:
               cout << "Unhandled UI event: " << e.type << endl;
         }
      }

      // Check which keys are held down

      if (gui->keyPressed(SDL_SCANCODE_LEFT)) {
         transformObject(shipObjects[0], translate(mat4(1.0f), vec3(-0.01f, 0.0f, 0.0f)));
      } else if (gui->keyPressed(SDL_SCANCODE_RIGHT)) {
         transformObject(shipObjects[0], translate(mat4(1.0f), vec3(0.01f, 0.0f, 0.0f)));
      }

      // this code moves the asteroids
      transformObject(asteroidObjects[0], translate(mat4(1.0f), vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.04f)));

      renderUI();
      renderScene();
   }

   vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
}

// TODO: The view and projection mats only need to be updated once.
// Create a separate function that can do this once per Vulkan image at the beginning
void VulkanGame::updateScene(uint32_t currentImage) {
   static auto startTime = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

   auto currentTime = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
   float time = chrono::duration<float, chrono::seconds::period>(currentTime - startTime).count();

   // TODO: Will need to change this to go through all objects of all pipelines and update their model mats

   so_Object.model =
      translate(mat4(1.0f), vec3(0.0f, -2.0f, -0.0f)) *
      rotate(mat4(1.0f), time * radians(90.0f), vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));

   so_Ship.model = shipObjects[0].model_transform * shipObjects[0].model_base;

   so_Asteroid.model = asteroidObjects[0].model_transform * asteroidObjects[0].model_base;
   so_Asteroid.hp = 10.0;

   VulkanUtils::copyDataToMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory_scenePipeline[currentImage], object_VP_mats);

   VulkanUtils::copyDataToMemory(device, storageBuffersMemory_scenePipeline[currentImage], so_Object);

   VulkanUtils::copyDataToMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory_shipPipeline[currentImage], ship_VP_mats);

   VulkanUtils::copyDataToMemory(device, storageBuffersMemory_shipPipeline[currentImage], so_Ship);

   VulkanUtils::copyDataToMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory_asteroidPipeline[currentImage], asteroid_VP_mats);

   VulkanUtils::copyDataToMemory(device, storageBuffersMemory_asteroidPipeline[currentImage], so_Asteroid);
}

void VulkanGame::renderUI() {
   SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);
   SDL_RenderClear(renderer);

   SDL_Rect rect = {280, 220, 100, 100};
   SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF);
   SDL_RenderFillRect(renderer, &rect);

   rect = {10, 10, 0, 0};
   SDL_QueryTexture(fontSDLTexture, nullptr, nullptr, &(rect.w), &(rect.h));
   SDL_RenderCopy(renderer, fontSDLTexture, nullptr, &rect);

   rect = {10, 80, 0, 0};
   SDL_QueryTexture(imageSDLTexture, nullptr, nullptr, &(rect.w), &(rect.h));
   SDL_RenderCopy(renderer, imageSDLTexture, nullptr, &rect);

   SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF);
   SDL_RenderDrawLine(renderer, 50, 5, 150, 500);

   VulkanUtils::populateVulkanImageFromSDLTexture(device, physicalDevice, commandPool, uiOverlay, renderer,
      sdlOverlayImage, graphicsQueue);
}

void VulkanGame::renderScene() {
   vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max());

   uint32_t imageIndex;

   VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(),
      imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

   if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
      recreateSwapChain();
      return;
   } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
   }

   // TODO: Figure out a more elegant way to only do updates and render the UI once per scene render
   // Probably move some of the renderScene() code into a higher function that updates the UI, and renders
   // the UI and scene
   updateScene(imageIndex);

   VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
   submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

   VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame] };
   VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };

   submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
   submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
   submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;
   submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
   submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex];

   VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame] };

   submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
   submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

   vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

   if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
   }

   VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo = {};
   presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;
   presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
   presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

   VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
   presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
   presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;
   presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;
   presentInfo.pResults = nullptr;

   result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

   if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
      framebufferResized = false;
      recreateSwapChain();
   } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
   }

   currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
   currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
}

void VulkanGame::cleanup() {
   cleanupSwapChain();

   VulkanUtils::destroyVulkanImage(device, floorTextureImage);
   VulkanUtils::destroyVulkanImage(device, sdlOverlayImage);

   vkDestroySampler(device, textureSampler, nullptr);

   modelPipeline.cleanupBuffers();
   overlayPipeline.cleanupBuffers();
   shipPipeline.cleanupBuffers();
   asteroidPipeline.cleanupBuffers();

   for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
      vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
      vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
      vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
   }

   vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);
   vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);
   vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);

   if (ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS) {
      VulkanUtils::destroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
   }

   vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

   // TODO: Check if any of these functions accept null parameters
   // If they do, I don't need to check for that

   if (uiOverlay != nullptr) {
      SDL_DestroyTexture(uiOverlay);
      uiOverlay = nullptr;
   }

   if (fontSDLTexture != nullptr) {
      SDL_DestroyTexture(fontSDLTexture);
      fontSDLTexture = nullptr;
   }

   if (imageSDLTexture != nullptr) {
      SDL_DestroyTexture(imageSDLTexture);
      imageSDLTexture = nullptr;
   }

   TTF_CloseFont(font);
   font = nullptr;

   SDL_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
   renderer = nullptr;

   gui->destroyWindow();
   gui->shutdown();
   delete gui;
}

void VulkanGame::createVulkanInstance(const vector<const char*> &validationLayers) {
   if (ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS && !VulkanUtils::checkValidationLayerSupport(validationLayers)) {
      throw runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");
   }

   VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {};
   appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
   appInfo.pApplicationName = "Vulkan Game";
   appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
   appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
   appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
   appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

   VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
   createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
   createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

   vector<const char*> extensions = gui->getRequiredExtensions();
   if (ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS) {
      extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
   }

   createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
   createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

   cout << endl << "Extensions:" << endl;
   for (const char* extensionName : extensions) {
      cout << extensionName << endl;
   }
   cout << endl;

   VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo;
   if (ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS) {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
      createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

      populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
      createInfo.pNext = &debugCreateInfo;
   } else {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

      createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
   }

   if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
   }
}

void VulkanGame::setupDebugMessenger() {
   if (!ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS) return;

   VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
   populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

   if (VulkanUtils::createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
   }
}

void VulkanGame::populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {
   createInfo = {};
   createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
   createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
   createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
   createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
}

VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL VulkanGame::debugCallback(
      VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
      VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
      const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData,
      void* pUserData) {
   cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << endl;

   return VK_FALSE;
}

void VulkanGame::createVulkanSurface() {
   if (gui->createVulkanSurface(instance, &surface) == RTWO_ERROR) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
   }
}

void VulkanGame::pickPhysicalDevice(const vector<const char*>& deviceExtensions) {
   uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
   vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

   if (deviceCount == 0) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
   }

   vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
   vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

   cout << endl << "Graphics cards:" << endl;
   for (const VkPhysicalDevice& device : devices) {
      if (isDeviceSuitable(device, deviceExtensions)) {
         physicalDevice = device;
         break;
      }
   }
   cout << endl;

   if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
   }
}

bool VulkanGame::isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
      const vector<const char*>& deviceExtensions) {
   VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProperties;
   vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &deviceProperties);

   cout << "Device: " << deviceProperties.deviceName << endl;

   QueueFamilyIndices indices = VulkanUtils::findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice, surface);
   bool extensionsSupported = VulkanUtils::checkDeviceExtensionSupport(physicalDevice, deviceExtensions);
   bool swapChainAdequate = false;

   if (extensionsSupported) {
      SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = VulkanUtils::querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice, surface);
      swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
   }

   VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures supportedFeatures;
   vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(physicalDevice, &supportedFeatures);

   return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate && supportedFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
}

void VulkanGame::createLogicalDevice(
      const vector<const char*> validationLayers, const vector<const char*>& deviceExtensions) {
   QueueFamilyIndices indices = VulkanUtils::findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice, surface);

   vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfoList;
   set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };

   float queuePriority = 1.0f;
   for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
      VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
      queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
      queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
      queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
      queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;

      queueCreateInfoList.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
   }

   VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures = {};
   deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;

   VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
   createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
   createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfoList.size());
   createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfoList.data();

   createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

   createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
   createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

   // These fields are ignored  by up-to-date Vulkan implementations,
   // but it's a good idea to set them for backwards compatibility
   if (ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS) {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
      createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
   } else {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
   }

   if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
   }

   vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
   vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
}

void VulkanGame::createSwapChain() {
   SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = VulkanUtils::querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice, surface);

   VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = VulkanUtils::chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
   VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = VulkanUtils::chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
   VkExtent2D extent = VulkanUtils::chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities, gui->getWindowWidth(), gui->getWindowHeight());

   uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
   if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
      imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
   }

   VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo = {};
   createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
   createInfo.surface = surface;
   createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
   createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
   createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
   createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
   createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
   createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

   QueueFamilyIndices indices = VulkanUtils::findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice, surface);
   uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };

   if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
      createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
      createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
      createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
   } else {
      createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
      createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0;
      createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr;
   }

   createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
   createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
   createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
   createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
   createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

   if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
   }

   vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
   swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
   vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());

   swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
   swapChainExtent = extent;
}

void VulkanGame::createImageViews() {
   swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

   for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
      swapChainImageViews[i] = VulkanUtils::createImageView(device, swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat,
         VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
   }
}

void VulkanGame::createRenderPass() {
   VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};
   colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
   colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
   colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
   colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
   colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
   colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
   colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
   colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

   VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
   colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
   colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

   VkAttachmentDescription depthAttachment = {};
   depthAttachment.format = findDepthFormat();
   depthAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
   depthAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
   depthAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
   depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
   depthAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
   depthAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
   depthAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

   VkAttachmentReference depthAttachmentRef = {};
   depthAttachmentRef.attachment = 1;
   depthAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

   VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
   subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
   subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
   subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
   subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthAttachmentRef;

   VkSubpassDependency dependency = {};
   dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
   dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
   dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
   dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
   dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
   dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

   array<VkAttachmentDescription, 2> attachments = { colorAttachment, depthAttachment };
   VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
   renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
   renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
   renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
   renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
   renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
   renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
   renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

   if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
   }
}

VkFormat VulkanGame::findDepthFormat() {
   return VulkanUtils::findSupportedFormat(
      physicalDevice,
      { VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT, VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT },
      VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
      VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT
   );
}

void VulkanGame::createCommandPool() {
   QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = VulkanUtils::findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice, surface);;

   VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
   poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
   poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();
   poolInfo.flags = 0;

   if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create graphics command pool!");
   }
}

void VulkanGame::createImageResources() {
   VulkanUtils::createDepthImage(device, physicalDevice, commandPool, findDepthFormat(), swapChainExtent,
      depthImage, graphicsQueue);

   createTextureSampler();

   VulkanUtils::createVulkanImageFromFile(device, physicalDevice, commandPool, "textures/texture.jpg",
      floorTextureImage, graphicsQueue);

   floorTextureImageDescriptor = {};
   floorTextureImageDescriptor.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
   floorTextureImageDescriptor.imageView = floorTextureImage.imageView;
   floorTextureImageDescriptor.sampler = textureSampler;

   VulkanUtils::createVulkanImageFromSDLTexture(device, physicalDevice, uiOverlay, sdlOverlayImage);

   sdlOverlayImageDescriptor = {};
   sdlOverlayImageDescriptor.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
   sdlOverlayImageDescriptor.imageView = sdlOverlayImage.imageView;
   sdlOverlayImageDescriptor.sampler = textureSampler;
}

void VulkanGame::createTextureSampler() {
   VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = {};
   samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
   samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
   samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;

   samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
   samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
   samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;

   samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;
   samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 16;
   samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
   samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
   samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
   samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
   samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
   samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
   samplerInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
   samplerInfo.maxLod = 0.0f;

   if (vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &textureSampler) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create texture sampler!");
   }
}

void VulkanGame::createFramebuffers() {
   swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

   for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
      array<VkImageView, 2> attachments = {
         swapChainImageViews[i],
         depthImage.imageView
      };

      VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo = {};
      framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
      framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
      framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
      framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
      framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
      framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
      framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

      if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         throw runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
      }
   }
}

void VulkanGame::createCommandBuffers() {
   commandBuffers.resize(swapChainImages.size());

   VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
   allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
   allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
   allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
   allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t) commandBuffers.size();

   if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
   }

   for (size_t i = 0; i < commandBuffers.size(); i++) {
      VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
      beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
      beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT;
      beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr;

      if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         throw runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
      }

      VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo = {};
      renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
      renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
      renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[i];
      renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 };
      renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

      array<VkClearValue, 2> clearValues = {};
      clearValues[0].color = {{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }};
      clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

      renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size());
      renderPassInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();

      vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffers[i], &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

      modelPipeline.createRenderCommands(commandBuffers[i], i);
      shipPipeline.createRenderCommands(commandBuffers[i], i);
      asteroidPipeline.createRenderCommands(commandBuffers[i], i);

      // Always render this pipeline last
      overlayPipeline.createRenderCommands(commandBuffers[i], i);

      vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffers[i]);

      if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         throw runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
      }
   }
}

void VulkanGame::createSyncObjects() {
   imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
   renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
   inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

   VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo = {};
   semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

   VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = {};
   fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
   fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

   for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
      if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
            vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
            vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         throw runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
      }
   }
}

void VulkanGame::createBufferSet(VkDeviceSize bufferSize, VkBufferUsageFlags flags,
      vector<VkBuffer>& buffers, vector<VkDeviceMemory>& buffersMemory, vector<VkDescriptorBufferInfo>& bufferInfoList) {
   buffers.resize(swapChainImages.size());
   buffersMemory.resize(swapChainImages.size());
   bufferInfoList.resize(swapChainImages.size());

   for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
      VulkanUtils::createBuffer(device, physicalDevice, bufferSize, flags,
         VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
         buffers[i], buffersMemory[i]);

      bufferInfoList[i].buffer = buffers[i];
      bufferInfoList[i].offset = 0; // This is the offset from the start of the buffer, so always 0 for now
      bufferInfoList[i].range = bufferSize; // Size of the update starting from offset, or VK_WHOLE_SIZE
   }
}

// TODO: Fix the crash that happens when alt-tabbing
void VulkanGame::recreateSwapChain() {
   cout << "Recreating swap chain" << endl;
   gui->refreshWindowSize();

   while (gui->getWindowWidth() == 0 || gui->getWindowHeight() == 0 ||
      (SDL_GetWindowFlags(window) & SDL_WINDOW_MINIMIZED) != 0) {
      SDL_WaitEvent(nullptr);
      gui->refreshWindowSize();
   }

   vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

   cleanupSwapChain();

   createSwapChain();
   createImageViews();
   createRenderPass();

   VulkanUtils::createDepthImage(device, physicalDevice, commandPool, findDepthFormat(), swapChainExtent,
      depthImage, graphicsQueue);
   createFramebuffers();

   createBufferSet(sizeof(UBO_VP_mats), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
      uniformBuffers_scenePipeline, uniformBuffersMemory_scenePipeline, uniformBufferInfoList_scenePipeline);
   createBufferSet(10 * sizeof(SBO_SceneObject), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT,
      storageBuffers_scenePipeline, storageBuffersMemory_scenePipeline, storageBufferInfoList_scenePipeline);

   modelPipeline.updateRenderPass(renderPass);
   modelPipeline.createPipeline("shaders/scene-vert.spv", "shaders/scene-frag.spv");
   modelPipeline.createDescriptorPool(swapChainImages);
   modelPipeline.createDescriptorSets(swapChainImages);

   overlayPipeline.updateRenderPass(renderPass);
   overlayPipeline.createPipeline("shaders/overlay-vert.spv", "shaders/overlay-frag.spv");
   overlayPipeline.createDescriptorPool(swapChainImages);
   overlayPipeline.createDescriptorSets(swapChainImages);

   createBufferSet(sizeof(UBO_VP_mats), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
      uniformBuffers_shipPipeline, uniformBuffersMemory_shipPipeline, uniformBufferInfoList_shipPipeline);
   createBufferSet(10 * sizeof(SBO_SceneObject), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT,
      storageBuffers_shipPipeline, storageBuffersMemory_shipPipeline, storageBufferInfoList_shipPipeline);

   shipPipeline.updateRenderPass(renderPass);
   shipPipeline.createPipeline("shaders/ship-vert.spv", "shaders/ship-frag.spv");
   shipPipeline.createDescriptorPool(swapChainImages);
   shipPipeline.createDescriptorSets(swapChainImages);

   createBufferSet(sizeof(UBO_VP_mats), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
      uniformBuffers_asteroidPipeline, uniformBuffersMemory_asteroidPipeline, uniformBufferInfoList_asteroidPipeline);
   createBufferSet(10 * sizeof(SBO_Asteroid), VK_BUFFER_USAGE_STORAGE_BUFFER_BIT,
      storageBuffers_asteroidPipeline, storageBuffersMemory_asteroidPipeline, storageBufferInfoList_asteroidPipeline);

   asteroidPipeline.updateRenderPass(renderPass);
   asteroidPipeline.createPipeline("shaders/asteroid-vert.spv", "shaders/asteroid-frag.spv");
   asteroidPipeline.createDescriptorPool(swapChainImages);
   asteroidPipeline.createDescriptorSets(swapChainImages);

   createCommandBuffers();
}

void VulkanGame::cleanupSwapChain() {
   VulkanUtils::destroyVulkanImage(device, depthImage);

   for (VkFramebuffer framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) {
      vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);
   }

   vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, static_cast<uint32_t>(commandBuffers.size()), commandBuffers.data());

   modelPipeline.cleanup();
   overlayPipeline.cleanup();
   shipPipeline.cleanup();
   asteroidPipeline.cleanup();

   vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);

   for (VkImageView imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
      vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
   }

   vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);

   for (size_t i = 0; i < uniformBuffers_scenePipeline.size(); i++) {
      vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffers_scenePipeline[i], nullptr);
      vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory_scenePipeline[i], nullptr);
   }

   for (size_t i = 0; i < storageBuffers_scenePipeline.size(); i++) {
      vkDestroyBuffer(device, storageBuffers_scenePipeline[i], nullptr);
      vkFreeMemory(device, storageBuffersMemory_scenePipeline[i], nullptr);
   }

   for (size_t i = 0; i < uniformBuffers_shipPipeline.size(); i++) {
      vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffers_shipPipeline[i], nullptr);
      vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory_shipPipeline[i], nullptr);
   }

   for (size_t i = 0; i < storageBuffers_shipPipeline.size(); i++) {
      vkDestroyBuffer(device, storageBuffers_shipPipeline[i], nullptr);
      vkFreeMemory(device, storageBuffersMemory_shipPipeline[i], nullptr);
   }

   for (size_t i = 0; i < uniformBuffers_asteroidPipeline.size(); i++) {
      vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffers_asteroidPipeline[i], nullptr);
      vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory_asteroidPipeline[i], nullptr);
   }

   for (size_t i = 0; i < storageBuffers_asteroidPipeline.size(); i++) {
      vkDestroyBuffer(device, storageBuffers_asteroidPipeline[i], nullptr);
      vkFreeMemory(device, storageBuffersMemory_asteroidPipeline[i], nullptr);
   }
}