source: opengl-game/vulkan-game.cpp@ e3bef3a

#include "vulkan-game.hpp"

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE

#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

#include <array>
#include <chrono>
#include <iostream>
#include <set>

#include "consts.hpp"
#include "logger.hpp"

#include "utils.hpp"

using namespace std;
using namespace glm;

struct UniformBufferObject {
   alignas(16) mat4 model;
   alignas(16) mat4 view;
   alignas(16) mat4 proj;
};

VulkanGame::VulkanGame(int maxFramesInFlight) : MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT(maxFramesInFlight) {
   gui = nullptr;
   window = nullptr;
   font = nullptr;
   fontSDLTexture = nullptr;
   imageSDLTexture = nullptr;

   currentFrame = 0;
   framebufferResized = false;
}

VulkanGame::~VulkanGame() {
}

void VulkanGame::run(int width, int height, unsigned char guiFlags) {
   cout << "DEBUGGING IS " << (ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS ? "ON" : "OFF") << endl;

   cout << "Vulkan Game" << endl;

   // This gets the runtime version, use SDL_VERSION() for the comppile-time version
   // TODO: Create a game-gui function to get the gui version and retrieve it that way
   SDL_GetVersion(&sdlVersion);

   // TODO: Refactor the logger api to be more flexible,
   // esp. since gl_log() and gl_log_err() have issues printing anything besides stirngs
   restart_gl_log();
   gl_log("starting SDL\n%s.%s.%s",
      to_string(sdlVersion.major).c_str(),
      to_string(sdlVersion.minor).c_str(),
      to_string(sdlVersion.patch).c_str());

   open_log();
   get_log() << "starting SDL" << endl;
   get_log() <<
      (int)sdlVersion.major << "." <<
      (int)sdlVersion.minor << "." <<
      (int)sdlVersion.patch << endl;

   if (initWindow(width, height, guiFlags) == RTWO_ERROR) {
      return;
   }

   initVulkan();
   mainLoop();
   cleanup();

   close_log();
}

// TODO: Make some more init functions, or call this initUI if the
// amount of things initialized here keeps growing
bool VulkanGame::initWindow(int width, int height, unsigned char guiFlags) {
   // TODO: Put all fonts, textures, and images in the assets folder
   gui = new GameGui_SDL();

   if (gui->init() == RTWO_ERROR) {
      // TODO: Also print these sorts of errors to the log
      cout << "UI library could not be initialized!" << endl;
      cout << gui->getError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   window = (SDL_Window*) gui->createWindow("Vulkan Game", width, height, guiFlags & GUI_FLAGS_WINDOW_FULLSCREEN);
   if (window == nullptr) {
      cout << "Window could not be created!" << endl;
      cout << gui->getError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   cout << "Target window size: (" << width << ", " << height << ")" << endl;
   cout << "Actual window size: (" << gui->getWindowWidth() << ", " << gui->getWindowHeight() << ")" << endl;

   renderer = SDL_CreateRenderer(window, -1, SDL_RENDERER_ACCELERATED | SDL_RENDERER_PRESENTVSYNC);
   if (renderer == nullptr) {
      cout << "Renderer could not be created!" << endl;
      cout << gui->getError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   SDL_VERSION(&sdlVersion);

   cout << "SDL " << sdlVersion.major << "." << sdlVersion.minor << "." << sdlVersion.patch << endl;

   font = TTF_OpenFont("assets/fonts/lazy.ttf", 28);
   if (font == nullptr) {
      cout << "Failed to load lazy font! SDL_ttf Error: " << TTF_GetError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   SDL_Surface* fontSDLSurface = TTF_RenderText_Solid(font, "Great success!", { 255, 255, 255 });
   if (fontSDLSurface == nullptr) {
      cout << "Unable to render text surface! SDL_ttf Error: " << TTF_GetError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   fontSDLTexture = SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(renderer, fontSDLSurface);
   if (fontSDLTexture == nullptr) {
      cout << "Unable to create texture from rendered text! SDL Error: " << SDL_GetError() << endl;
      SDL_FreeSurface(fontSDLSurface);
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   SDL_FreeSurface(fontSDLSurface);

   // TODO: Load a PNG instead
   SDL_Surface* imageSDLSurface = SDL_LoadBMP("assets/images/spaceship.bmp");
   if (imageSDLSurface == nullptr) {
      cout << "Unable to load image " << "spaceship.bmp" << "! SDL Error: " << SDL_GetError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   imageSDLTexture = SDL_CreateTextureFromSurface(renderer, imageSDLSurface);
   if (imageSDLTexture == nullptr) {
      cout << "Unable to create texture from BMP surface! SDL Error: " << SDL_GetError() << endl;
      SDL_FreeSurface(imageSDLSurface);
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   SDL_FreeSurface(imageSDLSurface);

   // In SDL 2.0.10 (currently, the latest), SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_TARGET is required to get a transparent overlay working
   // However, the latest SDL version available through homebrew on Mac is 2.0.9, which requires SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STREAMING
   // I tried building sdl 2.0.10 (and sdl_image and sdl_ttf) from source on Mac, but had some issues, so this is easier
   // until the homebrew recipe is updated
   if (sdlVersion.major == 2 && sdlVersion.minor == 0 && sdlVersion.patch == 9) {
      uiOverlay = SDL_CreateTexture(renderer, SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGBA8888, SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_STREAMING,
         gui->getWindowWidth(), gui->getWindowHeight());
   } else {
      uiOverlay = SDL_CreateTexture(renderer, SDL_PIXELFORMAT_RGBA8888, SDL_TEXTUREACCESS_TARGET,
         gui->getWindowWidth(), gui->getWindowHeight());
   }

   if (uiOverlay == nullptr) {
      cout << "Unable to create blank texture! SDL Error: " << SDL_GetError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }
   if (SDL_SetTextureBlendMode(uiOverlay, SDL_BLENDMODE_BLEND) != 0) {
      cout << "Unable to set texture blend mode! SDL Error: " << SDL_GetError() << endl;
      return RTWO_ERROR;
   }

   return RTWO_SUCCESS;
}

void VulkanGame::initVulkan() {
   const vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
      "VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
   };
   const vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = {
      VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
   };

   createVulkanInstance(validationLayers);
   setupDebugMessenger();
   createVulkanSurface();
   pickPhysicalDevice(deviceExtensions);
   createLogicalDevice(validationLayers, deviceExtensions);
   createSwapChain();
   createImageViews();
   createRenderPass();
   createCommandPool();

   createImageResources();

   createFramebuffers();
   createUniformBuffers();

   vector<Vertex> sceneVertices = {
      {{-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},
      {{ 0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
      {{ 0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
      {{-0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}},

      {{-0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},
      {{ 0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
      {{ 0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
      {{-0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}}
   };
   vector<uint16_t> sceneIndices = {
      0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0,
      4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 4
   };

   graphicsPipelines.push_back(GraphicsPipeline_Vulkan(physicalDevice, device, renderPass,
      { 0, 0, (int)swapChainExtent.width, (int)swapChainExtent.height }, sizeof(Vertex)));

   graphicsPipelines.back().bindData(sceneVertices, sceneIndices, commandPool, graphicsQueue);

   graphicsPipelines.back().addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&Vertex::pos));
   graphicsPipelines.back().addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&Vertex::color));
   graphicsPipelines.back().addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&Vertex::texCoord));

   graphicsPipelines.back().addDescriptorInfo(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER,
      VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT, &uniformBufferInfoList);
   graphicsPipelines.back().addDescriptorInfo(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
      VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, &floorTextureImageDescriptor);

   graphicsPipelines.back().createDescriptorSetLayout();
   graphicsPipelines.back().createPipeline("shaders/scene-vert.spv", "shaders/scene-frag.spv");
   graphicsPipelines.back().createDescriptorPool(swapChainImages);
   graphicsPipelines.back().createDescriptorSets(swapChainImages);

   vector<OverlayVertex> overlayVertices = {
      {{-1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},
      {{ 1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
      {{ 1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
      {{-1.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}}
   };
   vector<uint16_t> overlayIndices = {
      0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0
   };

   graphicsPipelines.push_back(GraphicsPipeline_Vulkan(physicalDevice, device, renderPass,
      { 0, 0, (int)swapChainExtent.width, (int)swapChainExtent.height }, sizeof(OverlayVertex)));

   graphicsPipelines.back().bindData(overlayVertices, overlayIndices, commandPool, graphicsQueue);

   graphicsPipelines.back().addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&OverlayVertex::pos));
   graphicsPipelines.back().addAttribute(VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT, offset_of(&OverlayVertex::texCoord));

   graphicsPipelines.back().addDescriptorInfo(VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER,
      VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT, &sdlOverlayImageDescriptor);

   graphicsPipelines.back().createDescriptorSetLayout();
   graphicsPipelines.back().createPipeline("shaders/overlay-vert.spv", "shaders/overlay-frag.spv");
   graphicsPipelines.back().createDescriptorPool(swapChainImages);
   graphicsPipelines.back().createDescriptorSets(swapChainImages);

   cout << "Created " << graphicsPipelines.size() << " graphics pipelines" << endl;

   numPlanes = 2;

   createCommandBuffers();

   createSyncObjects();
}

void VulkanGame::mainLoop() {
   UIEvent e;
   bool quit = false;

   while (!quit) {
      gui->processEvents();

      while (gui->pollEvent(&e)) {
         switch(e.type) {
            case UI_EVENT_QUIT:
               cout << "Quit event detected" << endl;
               quit = true;
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_WINDOW:
               cout << "Window event detected" << endl;
               // Currently unused
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_WINDOWRESIZE:
               cout << "Window resize event detected" << endl;
               framebufferResized = true;
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_KEYDOWN:
               if (e.key.keycode == SDL_SCANCODE_ESCAPE) {
                  quit = true;
               } else if (e.key.keycode == SDL_SCANCODE_SPACE) {
                  cout << "Adding a plane" << endl;
                  float zOffset = -0.5f + (0.5f * numPlanes);
                  vector<Vertex> vertices = {
                     {{-0.5f, -0.5f,  zOffset}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},
                     {{ 0.5f, -0.5f,  zOffset}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
                     {{ 0.5f,  0.5f,  zOffset}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
                     {{-0.5f,  0.5f,  zOffset}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}}
                  };
                  vector<uint16_t> indices = {
                     0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0
                  };

                  if (graphicsPipelines[0].addObject(vertices, indices, commandPool, graphicsQueue)) {
                     vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, static_cast<uint32_t>(commandBuffers.size()), commandBuffers.data());
                     createCommandBuffers();

                     numPlanes++;
                  }
               } else {
                  cout << "Key event detected" << endl;
               }
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_MOUSEBUTTONDOWN:
               cout << "Mouse button down event detected" << endl;
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_MOUSEBUTTONUP:
               cout << "Mouse button up event detected" << endl;
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_MOUSEMOTION:
               break;
            case UI_EVENT_UNKNOWN:
               cout << "Unknown event type: 0x" << hex << e.unknown.eventType << dec << endl;
               break;
            default:
               cout << "Unhandled UI event: " << e.type << endl;
         }
      }

      renderUI();
      renderScene();
   }

   vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
}

void VulkanGame::renderUI() {
   // TODO: Since I currently don't use any other render targets,
   // I may as well set this once before the render loop
   SDL_SetRenderTarget(renderer, uiOverlay);

   SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00);
   SDL_RenderClear(renderer);

   SDL_Rect rect = {280, 220, 100, 100};
   SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF);
   SDL_RenderFillRect(renderer, &rect);

   rect = {10, 10, 0, 0};
   SDL_QueryTexture(fontSDLTexture, nullptr, nullptr, &(rect.w), &(rect.h));
   SDL_RenderCopy(renderer, fontSDLTexture, nullptr, &rect);

   rect = {10, 80, 0, 0};
   SDL_QueryTexture(imageSDLTexture, nullptr, nullptr, &(rect.w), &(rect.h));
   SDL_RenderCopy(renderer, imageSDLTexture, nullptr, &rect);

   SDL_SetRenderDrawColor(renderer, 0x00, 0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF);
   SDL_RenderDrawLine(renderer, 50, 5, 150, 500);

   VulkanUtils::populateVulkanImageFromSDLTexture(device, physicalDevice, commandPool, uiOverlay, renderer,
      sdlOverlayImage, graphicsQueue);
}

void VulkanGame::renderScene() {
   vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max());

   uint32_t imageIndex;

   VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max(),
      imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

   if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
      recreateSwapChain();
      return;
   } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
   }

   updateUniformBuffer(imageIndex);

   VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
   submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

   VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame] };
   VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };

   submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
   submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
   submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;
   submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
   submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex];

   VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame] };

   submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
   submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

   vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

   if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
   }

   VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo = {};
   presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;
   presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
   presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

   VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
   presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
   presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;
   presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;
   presentInfo.pResults = nullptr;

   result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

   if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
      framebufferResized = false;
      recreateSwapChain();
   } else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
   }

   currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
   currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
}

void VulkanGame::cleanup() {
   cleanupSwapChain();

   VulkanUtils::destroyVulkanImage(device, floorTextureImage);
   VulkanUtils::destroyVulkanImage(device, sdlOverlayImage);

   vkDestroySampler(device, textureSampler, nullptr);

   for (GraphicsPipeline_Vulkan pipeline : graphicsPipelines) {
      pipeline.cleanupBuffers();
   }

   for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
      vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
      vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
      vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
   }

   vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);
   vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);
   vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);

   if (ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS) {
      VulkanUtils::destroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
   }

   vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

   // TODO: Check if any of these functions accept null parameters
   // If they do, I don't need to check for that

   if (uiOverlay != nullptr) {
      SDL_DestroyTexture(uiOverlay);
      uiOverlay = nullptr;
   }

   if (fontSDLTexture != nullptr) {
      SDL_DestroyTexture(fontSDLTexture);
      fontSDLTexture = nullptr;
   }

   if (imageSDLTexture != nullptr) {
      SDL_DestroyTexture(imageSDLTexture);
      imageSDLTexture = nullptr;
   }

   TTF_CloseFont(font);
   font = nullptr;

   SDL_DestroyRenderer(renderer);
   renderer = nullptr;

   gui->destroyWindow();
   gui->shutdown();
   delete gui;
}

void VulkanGame::createVulkanInstance(const vector<const char*> &validationLayers) {
   if (ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS && !VulkanUtils::checkValidationLayerSupport(validationLayers)) {
      throw runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");
   }

   VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {};
   appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
   appInfo.pApplicationName = "Vulkan Game";
   appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
   appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
   appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
   appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

   VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
   createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
   createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

   vector<const char*> extensions = gui->getRequiredExtensions();
   if (ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS) {
      extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
   }

   createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
   createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

   cout << endl << "Extensions:" << endl;
   for (const char* extensionName : extensions) {
      cout << extensionName << endl;
   }
   cout << endl;

   VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo;
   if (ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS) {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
      createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

      populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
      createInfo.pNext = &debugCreateInfo;
   } else {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

      createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
   }

   if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
   }
}

void VulkanGame::setupDebugMessenger() {
   if (!ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS) return;

   VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
   populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

   if (VulkanUtils::createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
   }
}

void VulkanGame::populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {
   createInfo = {};
   createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
   createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
   createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
   createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
}

VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL VulkanGame::debugCallback(
      VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
      VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
      const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData,
      void* pUserData) {
   cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << endl;

   return VK_FALSE;
}

void VulkanGame::createVulkanSurface() {
   if (gui->createVulkanSurface(instance, &surface) == RTWO_ERROR) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
   }
}

void VulkanGame::pickPhysicalDevice(const vector<const char*>& deviceExtensions) {
   uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
   vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

   if (deviceCount == 0) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
   }

   vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
   vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

   cout << endl << "Graphics cards:" << endl;
   for (const VkPhysicalDevice& device : devices) {
      if (isDeviceSuitable(device, deviceExtensions)) {
         physicalDevice = device;
         break;
      }
   }
   cout << endl;

   if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
   }
}

bool VulkanGame::isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice,
      const vector<const char*>& deviceExtensions) {
   VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProperties;
   vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &deviceProperties);

   cout << "Device: " << deviceProperties.deviceName << endl;

   QueueFamilyIndices indices = VulkanUtils::findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice, surface);
   bool extensionsSupported = VulkanUtils::checkDeviceExtensionSupport(physicalDevice, deviceExtensions);
   bool swapChainAdequate = false;

   if (extensionsSupported) {
      SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = VulkanUtils::querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice, surface);
      swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
   }

   VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures supportedFeatures;
   vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(physicalDevice, &supportedFeatures);

   return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate && supportedFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
}

void VulkanGame::createLogicalDevice(
      const vector<const char*> validationLayers,
      const vector<const char*>& deviceExtensions) {
   QueueFamilyIndices indices = VulkanUtils::findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice, surface);

   vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfoList;
   set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };

   float queuePriority = 1.0f;
   for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
      VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
      queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
      queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
      queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
      queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;

      queueCreateInfoList.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
   }

   VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures = {};
   deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;

   VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
   createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
   createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfoList.size());
   createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfoList.data();

   createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

   createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
   createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

   // These fields are ignored  by up-to-date Vulkan implementations,
   // but it's a good idea to set them for backwards compatibility
   if (ENABLE_VALIDATION_LAYERS) {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
      createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
   } else {
      createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
   }

   if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
   }

   vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
   vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
}

void VulkanGame::createSwapChain() {
   SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = VulkanUtils::querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice, surface);

   VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = VulkanUtils::chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
   VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = VulkanUtils::chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
   VkExtent2D extent = VulkanUtils::chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities, gui->getWindowWidth(), gui->getWindowHeight());

   uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
   if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
      imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
   }

   VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo = {};
   createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
   createInfo.surface = surface;
   createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
   createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
   createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
   createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
   createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
   createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

   QueueFamilyIndices indices = VulkanUtils::findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice, surface);
   uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };

   if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
      createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
      createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
      createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
   } else {
      createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
      createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0;
      createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr;
   }

   createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
   createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
   createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
   createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
   createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

   if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
   }

   vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
   swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
   vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());

   swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
   swapChainExtent = extent;
}

void VulkanGame::createImageViews() {
   swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

   for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
      swapChainImageViews[i] = VulkanUtils::createImageView(device, swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat,
         VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
   }
}

void VulkanGame::createRenderPass() {
   VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};
   colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
   colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
   colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
   colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
   colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
   colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
   colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
   colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

   VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
   colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
   colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

   VkAttachmentDescription depthAttachment = {};
   depthAttachment.format = findDepthFormat();
   depthAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
   depthAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
   depthAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
   depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
   depthAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
   depthAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
   depthAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

   VkAttachmentReference depthAttachmentRef = {};
   depthAttachmentRef.attachment = 1;
   depthAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

   VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
   subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
   subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
   subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
   subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthAttachmentRef;

   VkSubpassDependency dependency = {};
   dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
   dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
   dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
   dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
   dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
   dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

   array<VkAttachmentDescription, 2> attachments = { colorAttachment, depthAttachment };
   VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
   renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
   renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
   renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
   renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
   renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
   renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
   renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

   if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
   }
}

VkFormat VulkanGame::findDepthFormat() {
   return VulkanUtils::findSupportedFormat(
      physicalDevice,
      { VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT, VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT },
      VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
      VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT
   );
}

void VulkanGame::createCommandPool() {
   QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = VulkanUtils::findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice, surface);;

   VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
   poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
   poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();
   poolInfo.flags = 0;

   if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create graphics command pool!");
   }
}

void VulkanGame::createImageResources() {
   VulkanUtils::createDepthImage(device, physicalDevice, commandPool, findDepthFormat(), swapChainExtent,
      depthImage, graphicsQueue);

   createTextureSampler();

   VulkanUtils::createVulkanImageFromFile(device, physicalDevice, commandPool, "textures/texture.jpg",
      floorTextureImage, graphicsQueue);

   floorTextureImageDescriptor = {};
   floorTextureImageDescriptor.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
   floorTextureImageDescriptor.imageView = floorTextureImage.imageView;
   floorTextureImageDescriptor.sampler = textureSampler;

   VulkanUtils::createVulkanImageFromSDLTexture(device, physicalDevice, uiOverlay, sdlOverlayImage);

   sdlOverlayImageDescriptor = {};
   sdlOverlayImageDescriptor.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
   sdlOverlayImageDescriptor.imageView = sdlOverlayImage.imageView;
   sdlOverlayImageDescriptor.sampler = textureSampler;
}

void VulkanGame::createTextureSampler() {
   VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = {};
   samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
   samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
   samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;

   samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
   samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
   samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;

   samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;
   samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 16;
   samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
   samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
   samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
   samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
   samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
   samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
   samplerInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
   samplerInfo.maxLod = 0.0f;

   if (vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &textureSampler) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to create texture sampler!");
   }
}

void VulkanGame::createFramebuffers() {
   swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

   for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
      array<VkImageView, 2> attachments = {
         swapChainImageViews[i],
         depthImage.imageView
      };

      VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo = {};
      framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
      framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
      framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
      framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
      framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
      framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
      framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

      if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         throw runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
      }
   }
}

void VulkanGame::createUniformBuffers() {
   VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

   uniformBuffers.resize(swapChainImages.size());
   uniformBuffersMemory.resize(swapChainImages.size());
   uniformBufferInfoList.resize(swapChainImages.size());

   for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
      VulkanUtils::createBuffer(device, physicalDevice, bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT,
         VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT,
         uniformBuffers[i], uniformBuffersMemory[i]);

      uniformBufferInfoList[i].buffer = uniformBuffers[i];
      uniformBufferInfoList[i].offset = 0;
      uniformBufferInfoList[i].range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);
   }
}

void VulkanGame::createCommandBuffers() {
   commandBuffers.resize(swapChainImages.size());

   VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
   allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
   allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
   allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
   allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t) commandBuffers.size();

   if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
      throw runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
   }

   for (size_t i = 0; i < commandBuffers.size(); i++) {
      VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
      beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
      beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_SIMULTANEOUS_USE_BIT;
      beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr;

      if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         throw runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
      }

      VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo = {};
      renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
      renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
      renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[i];
      renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 };
      renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

      array<VkClearValue, 2> clearValues = {};
      clearValues[0].color = {{ 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f }};
      clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

      renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size());
      renderPassInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();

      vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffers[i], &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

      for (GraphicsPipeline_Vulkan pipeline : graphicsPipelines) {
         pipeline.createRenderCommands(commandBuffers[i], i);
      }

      vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffers[i]);

      if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         throw runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
      }
   }
}

void VulkanGame::createSyncObjects() {
   imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
   renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
   inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);

   VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo = {};
   semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

   VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = {};
   fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
   fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

   for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
      if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
            vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
            vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
         throw runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
      }
   }
}

// TODO: Fix the crash that happens when alt-tabbing
void VulkanGame::recreateSwapChain() {
   cout << "Recreating swap chain" << endl;
   gui->refreshWindowSize();

   while (gui->getWindowWidth() == 0 || gui->getWindowHeight() == 0 ||
      (SDL_GetWindowFlags(window) & SDL_WINDOW_MINIMIZED) != 0) {
      SDL_WaitEvent(nullptr);
      gui->refreshWindowSize();
   }

   vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

   cleanupSwapChain();

   createSwapChain();
   createImageViews();
   createRenderPass();

   VulkanUtils::createDepthImage(device, physicalDevice, commandPool, findDepthFormat(), swapChainExtent,
      depthImage, graphicsQueue);
   createFramebuffers();
   createUniformBuffers();

   graphicsPipelines[0].updateRenderPass(renderPass);
   graphicsPipelines[0].createPipeline("shaders/scene-vert.spv", "shaders/scene-frag.spv");
   graphicsPipelines[0].createDescriptorPool(swapChainImages);
   graphicsPipelines[0].createDescriptorSets(swapChainImages);

   graphicsPipelines[1].updateRenderPass(renderPass);
   graphicsPipelines[1].createPipeline("shaders/overlay-vert.spv", "shaders/overlay-frag.spv");
   graphicsPipelines[1].createDescriptorPool(swapChainImages);
   graphicsPipelines[1].createDescriptorSets(swapChainImages);

   createCommandBuffers();
}

void VulkanGame::updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage) {
   static auto startTime = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

   auto currentTime = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
   float time = chrono::duration<float, chrono::seconds::period>(currentTime - startTime).count();

   UniformBufferObject ubo = {};
   ubo.model = rotate(mat4(1.0f), time * radians(90.0f), vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
   ubo.view = lookAt(vec3(0.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), vec3(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f));
   ubo.proj = perspective(radians(45.0f), swapChainExtent.width / (float)swapChainExtent.height, 0.1f, 10.0f);
   ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1; // flip the y-axis so that +y is up

   void* data;
   vkMapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[currentImage], 0, sizeof(ubo), 0, &data);
   memcpy(data, &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
   vkUnmapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[currentImage]);
}

void VulkanGame::cleanupSwapChain() {
   VulkanUtils::destroyVulkanImage(device, depthImage);

   for (VkFramebuffer framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) {
      vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);
   }

   vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, static_cast<uint32_t>(commandBuffers.size()), commandBuffers.data());

   for (GraphicsPipeline_Vulkan pipeline : graphicsPipelines) {
      pipeline.cleanup();
   }

   vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);

   for (VkImageView imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
      vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
   }

   vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);

   for (size_t i = 0; i < uniformBuffers.size(); i++) {
      vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffers[i], nullptr);
      vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], nullptr);
   }
}